Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of agriculture. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. The majority of the published papers in the first three chapters deals with an aspect so far often neglected in soil erosion and conservation literature. In addition to improving soil fertility, water harvesting, enhancing the soil water retention capacity and reducing soil erosion are measures that could significantly improve agricultural productivity in rainfed marginal environments. Lesson 2 soil degradation and conservation describe some practices that can lead to soil erosion and some that can prevent it. Soil and water conservation engineering asep sapei edisi 2006 2 ii. Corn growing in a notillage system plot as part of the longterm sustainable agriculture demonstration project at beltsville, maryland. Soil erosion has been an environmental concern in such countries as china and those bordering the mediterranean sea for millennia. In this lab activity students design, construct, and test soil conservation structures or practices in an effort to reduce soil erosion.
Soil conservation is the practice of protecting the soil against erosion or deterioration. The chief agents of soil erosion are water and wind. Soil and water conservation techniques that are difficult to combine. Pdf socioeconomic factors in soil erosion and conservation. In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial. In western europe there was growing realization from the 1970s that soil erosion could have a major effect on soils, even on lowland arable areas. Global vulnerability of soil ecosystems to erosion springerlink.
Class10 cbse board soil erosion and conservation learnnext offers animated video lessons with neatly explained examples, study material, free ncert solutions, exercises and tests. Thus, soil and water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the arid and semiarid. Raindrops falling on soil surfaces may destroy soil aggregates, detach particles, and transport particles short distances. Erosion is a natural process that occurs inevitably and continuously. Class 10 cbse board soil erosion and conservation videos. Erosion erosion is the detachment and transport of soil from the land by the action of erosive agents erosive agents. Soil erosion soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil material. Erosion processes and soil conservation technology soil erosion takes place when particles of soil are detached and then transported to a different place. Soil erosion occurs when soil is removed through the action of wind and water at a greater rate than it is formed soil the soil covering the surface of the earth has taken millions of years to form and we must learn to respect it. The soil erosion can be prevented by the following ways. Evaluation of the effect of increasing the quantity of maize residues in the soil cover on the runoff flow, the runoff velocity and the total soil losses 88 20. Soil conservation services were subsequently set up in a number of countries in africa and in australia, new zealand, and india.
Soil erosion depends on many factors, and a distinction should be made between humanly unchangeable e. What is soil conservation and what are various ways to. Runoff washes away the soil particles from sloping and bare lands while wind blows away loose and detached soil particles from flat and unprotected lands. Wood and bark mulches forest byproducts are readily available in most of the pnw. Soil erosion and runoff from cropland soil and water conservation society, 2003 free fulltext pdf contents expert panel executive summary introduction soil erosion, runoff, and precipitation simulated and observed changes in precipitation estimated effects on soil erosion and runoff conservation implications references appendix suggested. There are many factors which influence the process of soil erosion. Assessing soil erosion although soil erosion has been taking place very slowly in natural.
Notes on soil erosion and conservation cbse class 10. The usle has been used in more than 100 countries to guide conservation planning, assess soil erosion for conservation policy development, and estimate sediment yield. Soil erosion and conservation in tlie united states aib718. A sequel to the deforestation is typically large scale erosion. Most soil erosion is caused by natural processes such as water flowing downhill and by the wind. Little or no mixing of the subsoil with the plow layer. Fao published soil conservation, an international study agricultural study no. Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. Longterm monitoring of the agricultural environment 19821994. The erosion of siwaliks has been studied by glover and hamilton 1935 and gorrie 1951 and various methods have been suggested for soil conservation. Since the second edition of soil erosion and conservation was published in 1995, soil erosion has assumed even greater importance because of the higher priority now being given to the environmental issues associated with sediment. Erosion and conservation the soil is the one indestructible, immutable asset that the nation possesses. Mar 10, 2020 soil erosion is one of the main threats driving soil degradation across the globe with important impacts on crop yields, soil biota, biogeochemical cycles, and ultimately human nutrition. To accomplish this installation of devices meant to slow down the water is needed.
Ppt soil erosion and conservation powerpoint presentation. With the addition of a quarter of a million people each day, the world populations food demand is increasing at a. Recently pun 1949 1954 analyzed the problems from different angles and suggested that soil should be kept wider tree vegetation in order to check erosional losses and landslides. Factors which affect the rate of soil loss are rainfall, rate of runoff, soil types, slope, plant cover and presence or absence of conservation measures.
Soil erosion and conservation farming has been the basis of new zealands economy, and soil is the basis of farming. In the iowa cooperative soil survey program, erosion classes are defined quantitatively. These terraces reduce the speed of water flowing down the slope and help in soil conservation. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and. Solved examples with detailed answer description, explanation are given and it would be easy to understand. Soil erosion and conservation 1 soil erosion and conservation 2 erosion. The main objectives of soil and water conservation are to obtain the maximum sustained level of production from a given area of land by preventing soil degradation and environmental pollution. Soil erosion is a process of detachment and transportation of soil by natural agencies of water and wind.
Precipitation is the most forceful factor causing erosion. Thus, whenever trees are cut down new trees should be planted. As regards erosion impact, the general interest seems to shift from tons per acre soil loss to dollars per acre primary production loss, as caused by changes in soil fertility and soil physical properties. It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological deterioration pollution and. Norfleet 2005 identified several components of onsite costs e. Soil conservation tries to combine modifiable factors so as to maintain erosion in an area of. Raindrops are small, but move fast and so have a lot of energy when they strike bare soil surfaces. Effects of soil erosion on soil properties as related to crop. Recognize the importance of preventing soil erosion and preserving water. Terrace farming is one way to do so and involves cutting terraces along a slope. The magnitude and rate of soil erosion continue to increase despite considerable efforts made during the past three decades in conservation activities. Soil erosion and conservation soil erosion is the removal of soil material, generally from the surface, by water striking raindrops and downslope runoff or by wind deflation of loose particles and their transport as dust.
This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, air wind, plants, animals, and humans. Soil erosion and conservation provides a comprehensive treatment of the processes of soil erosion, the methods that can be used for their control, and the issues involved in designing and implementing soil conservation programmes. Natural erosion has sculptured landforms on the uplands and built landforms on the lowlands. This act established catchment boards and enabled the appropriation of government and local body funds to assist with the construction of erosion control measures and. Stocking shows that c o m m o n soil conservation practices fail entirely when applied to the rural areas of tropical eastern and central africa. Soil erosion by water is the most pressing environmental problem in the olive farms of syria and other. Depending on the local landscape and weather conditions, erosion may be very slow or very rapid. This volume is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students interested in understanding the principles of soil conservation and management. However, when earthquakes occur, massive amounts of soil, including crops and forests are a. Soil conservation an overview sciencedirect topics.
Prevention of soil erosion is also called conservation of soil. Runoff washes away the soil particles from sloping. In the united states the major impetus to scientific research on soil erosion and conservation came from hugh hammond bennett, who led the soil conservation movement in the 1920s and 1930s. Centre for development and environment, university of berne and the ministry of agriculture, ethiopia. Describe the effect of three kinds of erosion control practices. Soil erosion vocabulary soil erosion the wearing away of the land surface by water, wind, ice, gravity or other natural or anthropogenic agents that abrade, detach and remove soil particles or rock material from one point on the earths surface, for deposition elsewhere, including gravitational creep and socalled tillage erosion. Impact of physical soil and water conservation structure. The process may be natural or accelerated by human activity. Soil and water conservation 265 life on this planet, as the so il is an essential resource to suppor t plants for producing food, and to provide shelter to insects and animals. Erosion control has the potential to sequester carbon as well as restoring degraded soils and improving water quality.
Slash and burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas. It is the one resource that cannot be exhausted, that cannot be used up. Soil erosion, use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, unsustainable agricultural practices, excessive farming, water pollution and land pollution are some of the aspects upsetting the natural functions of the soil. Summary soil erosion in the united states does not pose an immediate threat to the nations ability to produce food and fiber, but it does reduce the productivity of some soils, and it also causes offsite damage. It results in loss of the finest soil particles that contain most of the available nutrients and organic matter in the soil. Information bulletin 7 activities 9 activity questions 10. Soil erosion has been considered as the primary cause of soil degradation because soil erosion leads to the loss of topsoil and soil organic matter, which are essential for the growing of plants. Soil conservation and water conservation are achieved simultaneously and go handinhand. Soil erosion is the detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles on land surface. Erosion control slope stabilization on slopes that are being eroded away, slowing down of surface water is needed.
Conservation implications of climate change soil and. Erosion processes and soilconservation technology soil erosion takes place when particles of soil are detached and then transported to a different place. Here, using an empirical model, we present a global and temporally explicit assessment of soil erosion risk according to recent 200120 dynamics of rainfall and vegetation cover change to identify. This handbook explains the causes, processes, and consequences of soil erosion and depletion, and describes the major soil and water conservation measures which, when applied to the land in correct combinations, will greatly reduce or prevent soil erosion, improve fertility, and increase yields. The influence of human activities on the landscape has traditionally been deleterious, but this trend seems to have recently reversed in some parts of the country following the. Soil conservation practices control wind or water erosion by limiting soil particle detachment and transportation.
Manual on integrated soil management and conservation. Soil quality is an integral part of water conservation. The concern about global food security in relation to soil erosion and strategies for confronting the remaining problems in soil management and conservation are specifically addressed. A closer study of the contributions reveals interesting problems. Mar, 2014 2010 examine the causes of soil erosion and outline methods used to prevent it. Plant roots penetrate easily and deeply in quality soil and can reach water reserves held low in the soil profile. Further publications have been issued from time to time on specific aspects of soil erosion and its control.
Excessive soil erosion in india combined with consequent high rate of sedimentation in reservoirs and decreased soil fertility has led to grave environmental problems. Economic research service report agriculture soil erosion. The conservation farming techniques promoted include contour farming, which consists in plowing and growing crops along lines of consistent elevation contours rather than up and down the slope. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils. Effect of the annual crop type on soil losses by erosion. T value tolerable erosion equilibrium between soil gains and losses.
Appreciate the need for short and long term conservation measures in farm. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation. The actual art of soil conservation is based on certain basic principles which include. Soil erosion mostly affects practically all kinds of lands such as the forest lands, agricultural lands, arid and semiarid lands, surface mines, roads, construction sites, coastal areas etc.
Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. All of these attributes result in a reduced need for landscape irrigation. Soil erosion and conservation in global agriculture. Soil loss is so gradual that the erosion usually goes unnoticed, but the cumulative. New material on gully erosion, tillage practices, erosion risk assessment, use of. Effective practices in mitigating soil erosion from fields. State soil and water conservation commission has been. Welldeveloped soil allows irrigation water and rain to infiltrate rather than run off. Sheet erosion sheet erosion is the removal of soil in thin layers by raindrop impact and shallow surface flow. Features of the third edition of this internationally recognised textbook include.
Methods of checking soil erosion soil and water conservation. Soil erosion is an important contributor to the normal soil formation process, but erosion becomes problematic when it is accelerated. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the top most layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Soil conservation and water harvesting rain foundation. Farming has been the basis of new zealands economy, and soil is the basis of farming.
Soil is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive. Soil erosion processes in sloping land in the east coast of peninsular malaysia ghulam m. Soil erosion by water is a natural process that cannot be avoided. The soil conservation research project estimate an average soil loss of 42thayear on cultivated land and maximum of 300400thayear in highly erodible and intensively serial cultivated field 1. Process by which soil particles are removed, transported and deposited rate of removal of soil greater than rate of. The overall current soil erosion rates are highly variable and large by international standards, and sheet, rill, and gully erosion are the dominant processes. Quantification of soil loss is a significant issue for soil and water conservation practitioners and policy makers. Soil erosion is the removal of soil material, generally from the surface, by water striking raindrops and downslope runoff or by wind deflation of loose particles and their transport as dust. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation practices ix page 19. The prevention of soil erosion is called soil conservation and the ways can be.
Principles of soil conservation and management springerlink. Soil erosion and conservation in india geography and you. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the top most layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination slashandburn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas. This file includes all three checklists with perspective.
Soilconservation services were subsequently set up in a number of countries in africa and in australia, new zealand, and india. It has helped to save millions of tons of soil, thus helping to the feed the worlds population, and to protect the environment from sediment produced by soil erosion. During the last 40 years, nearly onethird of the worlds arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be lost at a rate of more than 10 million hectares per year. When soil erodes, it makes land less productive, and can lead to floods, slips and damage to infrastructure and property. Soil conservation lab allow your students to experience soil conservation in a handson way. Conservation resource brief soil erosion 2 economic effects of soil erosion in addition to the detrimental environmental impact, soil erosion takes a huge toll on our nations economy. Planting of trees to serve as wind breaks and shelter cover for soil. Promoting various soil and water conservation technologies to reduce erosion and conserve and improve soil fertility. Soil conservation and water harvesting to improve community.
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